Crime suspicion — unadjusted
- Swedish ref
- 1,00×
- First gen
- 2,51×
- Second gen
- 3,21×
- Source
- Brå 2021:9, figur 7
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Analysis · Second generation
Data is shown separately for Swedish background, foreign-born people and people born in Sweden with two foreign-born parents. The measures come from Brå 2021:9. Group statistics do not describe an individual.
The question this page answers
What does the data actually show for persons born in Sweden with two foreign-born parents — and where does it differ from both the Swedish reference and the foreign-born group?
Key figures — the most important numbers on this page
Crime suspicion over-risk (unadjusted)
3.21×
Brå 2021:9, 2015–2018. 2nd gen vs Swedish ref.; 1.96× after age/sex.
After age and sex
1.96×
Brå 2021:9, figure 7. Foreign-born: 2.25×.
Share of all suspects
7.44 %
Brå 2021:9, table 1. Swedish-born with two foreign-born parents, suspected 2015–2018.
Crime suspicion
3.21×
unadjusted over-risk vs Swedish ref.; 1.96× after age/sex. Brå 2021:9, 2015–2018.
Snapshot · Brå 2021:9
Brå's unadjusted crime-suspicion ratio for the second generation is higher (3.21× vs 2.51×) — after age and sex it is lower (1.96× vs 2.25×). These are group comparisons, not causal explanations.
Visualisation · Brå 2021:9
Unadjusted: No standardisation. Reference (1.00, dashed line) = Swedish-born with two Swedish-born parents. Persons aged 15+ registered on 31 Dec 2014.
Suspected of at least one offence
Brå 2021:9, figure 7 (p. 51) · own scale per panel
Lethal violence incl. attempts
Brå 2021:9, figure 13 (p. 63) · own scale per panel
Rape
Brå 2021:9, figure 13 (p. 63) · own scale per panel
Source: Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention, report 2021:9 (figures 7 and 13). Refers to suspicion — not conviction. The ratios describe associations, not causes, and are not a share of crimes or an individual prediction.
Over-risk after controlling for age and sex. Reference group = Swedish-born with two Swedish-born parents.
| Metric | Swedish ref | First gen | Second gen | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crime suspicion — unadjusted | 1,00× | 2,51× | 3,21× | Brå 2021:9, figur 7 |
| Crime suspicion — age and sex | 1,00× | 2,25× | 1,96× | Brå 2021:9, figur 7 |
| Crime suspicion — age, sex, disposable income, education, municipality type | 1,00× | 1,76× | 1,68× | Brå 2021:9, figur 7 |
| Lethal violence incl. attempts — age and sex | 1,0× | 3,6× | 5,0× | Brå 2021:9, figur 13b |
| Rape — age and sex | 1,0× | 2,9× | 1,7× | Brå 2021:9, figur 13b |
| Residential burglary — age and sex | 1,0× | 1,5× | 2,5× | Brå 2021:9, figur 13b |
| Robbery — age and sex | 1,0× | 3,5× | 4,7× | Brå 2021:9, figur 13b |
| Share of all suspects 2015–2018 (percent of all suspects, not risk) | 51,39 % | 32,90 % | 7,44 % | Brå 2021:9, tabell 1 (s. 47). Fjärde gruppen, inrikes födda med en utrikes född förälder: 8,26 % |
Not yet published: Employment, income, welfare and school results are not shown here pending exact source extracts with age, year and denominator for all three groups.
The Police situation report of June 2023 lists 59 areas (17 particularly vulnerable, 15 risk areas, 27 vulnerable). In 2025 the share of persons with foreign background in these areas was on average 77 % (58 of 59 areas, Sverigefakta's calculation based on SCB DeSO) — compared with the national average of 27.7 % the same year.
Särskilt utsatt område
17 areas
Unweighted mean of area shares, foreign background (not a population share): 87 %
Område där allmän obenägenhet att delta i rättsprocessen, svårighet för polisen att fullgöra sitt uppdrag, parallella samhällsstrukturer, religiös extremism och systematiska hot mot vittnen förekommer. Polisens högsta klassning.
Riskområde
15 areas
Unweighted mean of area shares, foreign background (not a population share): 75 %
Område som inte uppfyller alla kriterier för särskilt utsatt, men där flera indikatorer (våldskapital, parallella strukturer, otrygghet) ligger på en sådan nivå att området riskerar att bli särskilt utsatt.
Utsatt område
27 areas
Unweighted mean of area shares, foreign background (not a population share): 71 %
Geografiskt avgränsat område med låg socioekonomisk status och kriminell påverkan på lokalsamhället. Polisen har svårt att fullgöra sitt uppdrag i området.
| Area | Municipality | Category | Foreign background | vs national |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hovsjö | Södertälje | Särskilt utsatt område | 92.9 % | +65 pe |
| Fittja | Botkyrka | Särskilt utsatt område | 91.8 % | +64 pe |
| Rinkeby/Tensta | Stockholm | Särskilt utsatt område | 91.2 % | +64 pe |
| Hjällbo | Göteborg | Särskilt utsatt område | 91 % | +63 pe |
| Norrby | Borås | Särskilt utsatt område | 90.1 % | +62 pe |
| Hallunda/Norsborg | Botkyrka | Särskilt utsatt område | 88.7 % | +61 pe |
| Vivalla | Örebro | Särskilt utsatt område | 88.7 % | +61 pe |
| Husby | Stockholm | Särskilt utsatt område | 88.5 % | +61 pe |
| Hammarkullen | Göteborg | Särskilt utsatt område | 88.5 % | +61 pe |
| Rosengård | Malmö | Särskilt utsatt område | 88.4 % | +61 pe |
| Alby | Botkyrka | Särskilt utsatt område | 87.3 % | +60 pe |
| Lövgärdet | Göteborg | Särskilt utsatt område | 86.5 % | +59 pe |
| Bergsjön | Göteborg | Särskilt utsatt område | 85.6 % | +58 pe |
| Ronna/Geneta/Lina | Södertälje | Särskilt utsatt område | 84.9 % | +57 pe |
| Nydala/Hermodsdal/Lindängen | Malmö | Särskilt utsatt område | 82.9 % | +55 pe |
| Skäggetorp | Linköping | Särskilt utsatt område | 78.4 % | +51 pe |
| Hässleholmen/Hulta | Borås | Särskilt utsatt område | 67 % | +39 pe |
| Biskopsgården | Göteborg | Riskområde | 85.8 % | +58 pe |
| Fornhöjden | Södertälje | Riskområde | 85.5 % | +58 pe |
| Tjärna Ängar | Borlänge | Riskområde | 85.4 % | +58 pe |
| Sigtuna/Valsta | Sigtuna | Riskområde | 85.3 % | +58 pe |
| Araby | Växjö | Riskområde | 84.5 % | +57 pe |
| Oxhagen/Varberga | Örebro | Riskområde | 83.3 % | +56 pe |
| Rissne/Hallonbergen | Sundbyberg | Riskområde | 73.4 % | +46 pe |
| Tynnered/Grevegården/Opaltorget | Göteborg | Riskområde | 71.6 % | +44 pe |
| Dalhem/Drottninghög/Fredriksdal | Helsingborg | Riskområde | 70.4 % | +43 pe |
| Holma/Kroksbäck/Bellevuegården | Malmö | Riskområde | 70.4 % | +43 pe |
| Södra Sofielund (Seved) | Malmö | Riskområde | 68.6 % | +41 pe |
| Kronogården/Lextorp/Sylte | Trollhättan | Riskområde | 67.9 % | +40 pe |
| Söder | Helsingborg | Riskområde | 67.8 % | +40 pe |
| Gottsunda | Uppsala | Riskområde | 63.6 % | +36 pe |
| Tureberg | Sollentuna | Riskområde | 60 % | +32 pe |
| Gårdsten | Göteborg | Utsatt område | 89.6 % | +62 pe |
| Andersberg | Halmstad | Utsatt område | 87.2 % | +60 pe |
| Gamlegården | Kristianstad | Utsatt område | 85.9 % | +58 pe |
| Vårby | Huddinge | Utsatt område | 82.3 % | +55 pe |
| Fröslunda | Eskilstuna | Utsatt område | 80.5 % | +53 pe |
| Årby | Eskilstuna | Utsatt område | 80.1 % | +52 pe |
| Vårberg | Stockholm | Utsatt område | 78.6 % | +51 pe |
| Grantorp/Visättra | Huddinge | Utsatt område | 78.1 % | +50 pe |
| Jordbro | Haninge | Utsatt område | 77.4 % | +50 pe |
| Råslätt | Jönköping | Utsatt område | 76.6 % | +49 pe |
| Fisksätra | Nacka | Utsatt område | 76.3 % | +49 pe |
| Hageby | Norrköping | Utsatt område | 75 % | +47 pe |
| Saltskog | Södertälje | Utsatt område | 74 % | +46 pe |
| Storvreten | Botkyrka | Utsatt område | 74 % | +46 pe |
| Hagsätra/Rågsved | Stockholm | Utsatt område | 67.7 % | +40 pe |
| Hisings Backa | Göteborg | Utsatt område | 66 % | +38 pe |
| Brandbergen | Haninge | Utsatt område | 64.6 % | +37 pe |
| Bäckby | Västerås | Utsatt område | 64.6 % | +37 pe |
| Finnsta | Upplands-Bro | Utsatt område | 64.2 % | +37 pe |
| Bredäng | Stockholm | Utsatt område | 63 % | +35 pe |
| Navestad | Norrköping | Utsatt område | 62.5 % | +35 pe |
| Skiftinge | Eskilstuna | Utsatt område | 61.8 % | +34 pe |
| Karlslund | Landskrona | Utsatt område | 60.4 % | +33 pe |
| Hagalund | Solna | Utsatt område | 59 % | +31 pe |
| Skogås | Huddinge | Utsatt område | 57.3 % | +30 pe |
| Sångvägen | Järfälla | Utsatt område | 53.1 % | +25 pe |
| Hässelby/Vällingby | Stockholm | Utsatt område | 50.6 % | +23 pe |
Sources: Police situation report on vulnerable areas (June 2023), SCB DeSO statistics, Delmos final report 2023. Foreign background = foreign-born or Swedish-born with two foreign-born parents. Police definition ↗
Definition comparison
There is no international standard for who counts as the second generation. The criteria below are taken from each statistics agency's own definition. We do not recalculate Swedish population figures to another definition: a definition is not a conversion factor, and shares can only be shown when the respective agency has itself published them.
🇸🇪 Sweden · SCB — Statistiska centralbyrån
Persons with a foreign background are those born abroad and those born in Sweden with two foreign-born parents.
Comparability: Based solely on country of birth. Citizenship is not part of the criterion.
Published share: 27.7 % (2025) — SCB, Befolkningsstatistik – utländsk/svensk bakgrund, 31 december 2025
SCB — Personer med utländsk bakgrund (MIS 2002:3) ↗🇩🇰 Denmark · Danmarks Statistik (DST)
Immigrants: persons born abroad where neither parent is both a Danish citizen and born in Denmark. Descendants: persons born in Denmark where neither parent is both a Danish citizen and born in Denmark. Persons of Danish origin: persons — regardless of birthplace — with at least one parent who is both a Danish citizen and born in Denmark.
Comparability: Combines country of birth AND citizenship. Differs from Statistics Sweden, which uses country of birth only — the same person can be classified differently.
Published share: 14.4 % (1 januari 2022) — Danmarks Statistik, Bagtal: Fakta om indvandrere og efterkommere (2022-08-18)
Danmarks Statistik — definition av indvandrere, efterkommere og personer med dansk oprindelse (2024-09-20) ↗🇩🇪 Germany · Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis)
The definition covers all persons who either themselves (immigrants) or whose both parents (descendants of immigrants) immigrated to present-day Germany since 1950.
Comparability: Narrower than the older Migrationshintergrund concept and not comparable with it. The requirement that BOTH parents immigrated resembles Sweden's two-foreign-born-parents rule, but Germany also applies a 1950 cut-off and counts immigration rather than country of birth alone.
Published share: 25.6 % (2024) — Destatis, Pressemitteilung Nr. 181 (2025-05-22): 21,2 miljoner personer med Einwanderungsgeschichte
Destatis — Hintergrundpapier: Einwanderungsgeschichte ↗Methodological context — concepts published in parallel
Context — criteria in other countries (not part of the canonical comparison)
The full definition comparison with sources, versions and comparability flags is available at /definitioner.
Objective observations — not interpretations
Short answers to what is most often discussed
Logical next steps if you want to understand the background
Demographics
Population composition by background — the starting point.
Projection by origin 2050
How the share with foreign background could develop by 2050.
Labour market by cohort
Employment over time for different arrival cohorts.
Crime
Brå 2021:9 in its full context, with controls and caveats.
Long-run consequences
Chapter 4 — what were the effects, measured over time.
This is not a full socioeconomic analysis – only an estimate of direct public revenues and expenditures.
Further: Crime · Long-run consequences · Sources