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Language · school register data

Swedish as a mother tongue

Sweden does not have an official statistics on home language. The closest register measurement is the school system’s entitlement to mother-tongue instruction. This page explains what that measure shows, what it doesn’t show — and why the difference matters.

Sources: Skolverket (National Agency for Education) mother-tongue statistics, Language Council of Sweden (Institutet för språk och folkminnen).

Last updated: View changelog

The question this page answers

How large is the share of pupils with ‘Swedish at home’ — and what does that measure actually tell us about language in Sweden?

At a glance

Key figures — the most important numbers on this page

Swedish at home, 1995

≈ 88 %

Skolverket, share of pupils.

Swedish at home, 2023/24

≈ 70 %

Skolverket, share of pupils.

Change, 1995 → 2023/24

−18 pp

Percentage points, absolute change.

Official home-language statistics

None

Not collected in the population register.

Four registers — do not conflate them

‘Mother tongue’ means four different things

  1. 1 · Administrative

    Entitlement to mother-tongue instruction in Sweden’s school system. Register-based, guardian-reported. This is what most Swedish statistics measures.

    Skolverket.

  2. 2 · Linguistic

    The first language(s) acquired in early childhood. Not measured in official Swedish statistics.

    Language research standard definition.

  3. 3 · Everyday dominant

    The language a person uses most in everyday life. Not measured in official statistics; occasional surveys.

    Language Council of Sweden.

  4. 4 · Self-identified

    The language a person identifies with, regardless of proficiency. Not measured in official statistics.

    Concept from sociolinguistics.

The Skolverket indicator on this page measures register 1. Do not use it as a substitute for the other three.

What the numbers say

School yearSwedish at homeEntitled to mother-tongue instr.
1995≈ 88 %≈ 12 %
2005≈ 82 %≈ 18 %
2015≈ 76 %≈ 24 %
2020≈ 72 %≈ 28 %
2023/24≈ 70 %≈ 30 %

Read: in 1995 around 88 % of pupils had ‘Swedish at home’ per Skolverket’s register. In 2023/24 the share was around 70 %. Rounded values, method notes see Skolverket.

Why Sweden has no official home-language statistics

In several other countries the population register or the census records language. In Finland language is a register attribute (Finnish, Swedish, Sami, other). Switzerland measures main language via the annual structural survey. In Sweden the population register records only citizenship and country of birth, not language. This is a deliberate choice going back to the 1975 minority policy — language and ethnicity should not be linked to the individual in the register. The consequence is that we have no consistent time series for the adult population; the school system is where the most systematic time series happens to sit.

The Language Council of Sweden estimates that around 150 languages are spoken in Sweden today, and that around 20 % of the population has a home language other than Swedish. These are estimates, not measurements.

What does the data show?

Objective observations — not interpretations

  • The share of pupils registered as having Swedish as the only daily home language has fallen from around 88 % (1995) to around 70 % (2023/24).
  • The measure is administrative: it captures entitlement to mother-tongue instruction, not language proficiency.
  • Sweden has no official statistics on home language for the adult population — only school-system data and survey estimates.
  • The Language Council of Sweden estimates ~150 languages are spoken in Sweden and ~20 % of the population has another home language than Swedish.

Frequently asked questions

Short answers to what is most often discussed

The word is used in two very different registers. (1) In the Swedish National Agency for Education (Skolverket) register data, ‘mother tongue’ means the language a pupil is entitled to receive mother-tongue instruction in — an administrative category based on the guardian’s statement that the language is spoken at home daily. (2) In linguistics, mother tongue means the language(s) a person acquires in early childhood. The two registers overlap but are not the same. On this page, ‘mother tongue’ refers to Skolverket’s indicator unless otherwise stated.

Logical next steps if you want to understand the background

Primary sources

Related in the site: Second generation · Integration over time · School outcomes by cohort