{
  "generated": "2026-06-26T23:20:50.771Z",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0",
  "countries": [
    {
      "key": "se",
      "name": "Sverige",
      "flag": "🇸🇪",
      "model": "Hög asylmottagning, låg tröskel",
      "employment5to7yPct": 58,
      "fiscalPerPersonSEK": -74000,
      "fiscalTone": "negative",
      "asylPer100k": 1180,
      "pointsBased": false,
      "langRequirement": "låg",
      "comment": "Höga initiala kostnader, långsam etablering. Ruist 2018: ca −74 000 kr/år och flykting över livet.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Ruist ESO 2018:3",
          "url": "https://eso.expertgrupp.se/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/ESO-2018_3-Tid-for-integration.pdf"
        },
        {
          "label": "KI Specialstudie 117 (2025)",
          "url": "https://www.konj.se/media/kpgnt5iw/specialstudie-117-invandrades-nettobidrag-till-de-offentliga-finanserna-1983-2022.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "highlight": true
    },
    {
      "key": "dk",
      "name": "Danmark",
      "flag": "🇩🇰",
      "model": "Strikt asyl, hårda integrationskrav",
      "employment5to7yPct": 68,
      "fiscalPerPersonSEK": -25000,
      "fiscalTone": "negative",
      "asylPer100k": 220,
      "pointsBased": false,
      "langRequirement": "hög",
      "comment": "Krav på språk, egenförsörjning och tidsbegränsade uppehållstillstånd. Tydligt lägre långsiktig kostnad än Sverige.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "VIVE: Indvandreres nettobidrag",
          "url": "https://www.vive.dk/da/udgivelser/?searchquery=indvandreres+nettobidrag"
        },
        {
          "label": "Udlændinge- og Integrationsministeriet",
          "url": "https://uim.dk/publikationer/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "key": "ca",
      "name": "Kanada",
      "flag": "🇨🇦",
      "model": "Points-based (färdighetsstyrd)",
      "employment5to7yPct": 78,
      "fiscalPerPersonSEK": 35000,
      "fiscalTone": "positive",
      "asylPer100k": 280,
      "pointsBased": true,
      "langRequirement": "hög",
      "comment": "Express Entry väljer arbetskraft efter utbildning, ålder, språk och yrkeserfarenhet. Mycket hög sysselsättning och positiv nettoeffekt.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "StatCan Longitudinal Immigration Database",
          "url": "https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/subjects-start/immigration_and_ethnocultural_diversity"
        },
        {
          "label": "IRCC Express Entry översikt",
          "url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/immigrate-canada/express-entry.html"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "key": "au",
      "name": "Australien",
      "flag": "🇦🇺",
      "model": "Points-based + strikt asylhantering",
      "employment5to7yPct": 75,
      "fiscalPerPersonSEK": 28000,
      "fiscalTone": "positive",
      "asylPer100k": 120,
      "pointsBased": true,
      "langRequirement": "hög",
      "comment": "Låg asylvolym och stark selektion. Skilled Migration Program står för merparten av invandringen.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Productivity Commission: Migrant Intake",
          "url": "https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/migrant-intake/report"
        },
        {
          "label": "Australian Department of Home Affairs",
          "url": "https://immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/visas/working-in-australia/skillselect"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "key": "de",
      "name": "Tyskland",
      "flag": "🇩🇪",
      "model": "Stor asylmottagning 2015–",
      "employment5to7yPct": 60,
      "fiscalPerPersonSEK": -55000,
      "fiscalTone": "negative",
      "asylPer100k": 950,
      "pointsBased": false,
      "langRequirement": "medel",
      "comment": "Liknande utmaningar som Sverige efter 2015. IAB-data visar långsam etablering, särskilt bland kvinnor.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "IAB-BAMF-SOEP Refugee Survey",
          "url": "https://www.iab.de/projekte/iab-bamf-soep-befragung-von-gefluechteten/"
        },
        {
          "label": "BAMF Migrationsbericht",
          "url": "https://www.bamf.de/EN/Themen/Forschung/Veroeffentlichungen/Migrationsberichte/migrationsberichte-node.html"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "key": "nl",
      "name": "Nederländerna",
      "flag": "🇳🇱",
      "model": "Stramare asyl + arbetsmarknadsfokus",
      "employment5to7yPct": 66,
      "fiscalPerPersonSEK": -35000,
      "fiscalTone": "negative",
      "asylPer100k": 470,
      "pointsBased": false,
      "langRequirement": "hög",
      "comment": "Starkt fokus på språk och tidigt arbete. Bättre utfall än Sverige men sämre än Danmark.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "CBS: Cohort van asielzoekers",
          "url": "https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/dossier/dossier-asiel-migratie-en-integratie"
        },
        {
          "label": "WODC integrationsstudier",
          "url": "https://www.wodc.nl/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "key": "no",
      "name": "Norge",
      "flag": "🇳🇴",
      "model": "Snabbintroduktion + språkkrav",
      "employment5to7yPct": 65,
      "fiscalPerPersonSEK": -45000,
      "fiscalTone": "negative",
      "asylPer100k": 420,
      "pointsBased": false,
      "langRequirement": "medel",
      "comment": "Introduktionsprogram med språk + praktik. SSB: positiv effekt arbetskraftsinvandring, negativ för flyktingar.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "SSB: Innvandring og offentlige finanser",
          "url": "https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/innvandrere"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "key": "fi",
      "name": "Finland",
      "flag": "🇫🇮",
      "model": "Mindre volym, integrationsprogram",
      "employment5to7yPct": 55,
      "fiscalPerPersonSEK": -60000,
      "fiscalTone": "negative",
      "asylPer100k": 380,
      "pointsBased": false,
      "langRequirement": "medel",
      "comment": "Lägre asylvolym än Sverige men sämre sysselsättning. Språkbarriär lyfts fram av VATT.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "VATT-tutkimukset: maahanmuutto",
          "url": "https://www.vatt.fi/julkaisut"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}